Effects of Kalanchoe pinnata, exercise, and stimulation on neuroinflammation, redox homeostasis, and neuropathic pain in a Wistar-rat model

Figure 3 The effects of Kalanchoe pinnata, vagus nerve stimulation, and treadmill exercise on the prefrontal cortex monoaminergic neurotransmission system, monoamine oxidase activity and dopamine concentration after partial sciatic nerve ligation. A: Monoamine oxidase activity; B: Dopamine concentration. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference multiple comparison test. Effect sizes and confidence intervals were calculated to complement P value interpretation (Supplementary Table 1). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.001 compared with the normal control group. ^eP < 0.05, ^fP < 0.01, ^gP < 0.001 compared with partial sciatic nerve ligation group. Sham: Normal control; PSNL: Partial sciatic nerve ligation; KP: Kalanchoe pinnata; TE: Treadmill exercise; VNS: Vagus nerve stimulation; Gaba: Gabapentin.