Effects of Kalanchoe pinnata, exercise, and stimulation on neuroinflammation, redox homeostasis, and neuropathic pain in a Wistar-rat model

Figure 1 The effects of Kalanchoe pinnata, vagus nerve stimulation, and treadmill exercise on behavioral tests: Mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia, after partial sciatic nerve ligation. A: Mechanical allodynia; B: Thermal hyperalgesia; C: Cold allodynia. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was assessed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s honestly significant difference multiple comparison test. Effect sizes and confidence intervals were calculated to complement P value interpretation (Supplementary Table 1). Sham: Normal control; PSNL: Partial sciatic nerve ligation; KP: Kalanchoe pinnata; TE: Treadmill exercise; VNS: Vagus nerve stimulation; Gaba: Gabapentin.