Forgotten compartment: Impact of tubulointerstitial inflammation and damage on renal outcomes in lupus nephritis from Saudi Arabia

Table 3 Multivariable Cox-proportional regression analysis to identify predictors for the composite outcome in lupus nephritis patients with coexisting tubulointerstitial inflammation and tubulointerstitial damage, and all the patients

Variable	TII + TID		Total
	HR (95%CI)	Sig.	HR (95%CI)	Sig.
Baseline characteristics
Age	1.123 (1.025-1.230)	0.013	1.037 (0.999-1.076)	0.055
Gender	0.641 (0.093-4.418)	0.652	1.460 (0.521-4.090)	0.472
Baseline urine protein (g)	0.969 (0.763-1.231)	0.796	0.916 (0.759-1.105)	0.359
Baseline serum creatinine	1.010 (1.003-1.018)	0.006	1.005 (1.002-1.007)	< 0.001
C3	0.001 (0.000-0.134)	0.007	0.260 (0.050-1.336)	0.107
CRP	1.062 (1.025-1.100)	0.001	1.018 (1.003-1.034)	0.022
ANA titer	0.998 (0.997-1.000)	0.051	0.999 (0.998-1.000)	0.205
Chronic pathological features
Total glomerulosclerosis	0.344 (0.135-0.874)	0.025	0.616 (0.323-1.174)	0.141
Fibrous crescents	3.112 (0.899-10.771)	0.073	3.091 (1.063-8.984)	0.038
Interstitial fibrosis	0.002 (approximately 0-approximately ∞)	0.961	0.798 (0.134-4.745)	0.804
Tubular atrophy	4155.207 (approximately 0-approximately ∞)	0.945	1.424 (0.222-9.131)	0.709
Acute pathological features
Endocapillary hypercellularity	0.318 (0.069-1.468)	0.142	1.192 (0.650-2.187)	0.57
Neutrophil and/or karyorrhexis	1.005 (0.338-2.989)	0.993	0.743 (0.366-1.507)	0.41
Fibrinoid necrosis	1.225 (0.737-2.038)	0.434	0.828 (0.554-1.237)	0.357
Cellular/fibrocellular crescents	0.928 (0.458-1.883)	0.837	1.401 (0.947-2.073)	0.091
Hyaline deposit	3.923 (1.197-12.853)	0.024	1.301 (0.573-2.953)	0.53
Interstitial inflammation	2.158 (0.678-6.868)	0.193	0.844 (0.447-1.593)	0.601

Sig.: Significance; TII: Tubulointerstitial inflammation; TID: Tubulointerstitial damage; CRP: C-reactive protein; ANA: Antinuclear antibody.