Detection of intracellular bacterial communities and biofilms in urinary tract infections with Escherichia coli using staining protocols

doi:10.5493/wjem.v16.i2.119306

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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2220-315x

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Exp Med. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 119306
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v16.i2.119306

Table 2 Performance evaluation of staining protocols for intracellular bacterial community detection (n = 73), n (%)

Method	Number of samples with IBCs	Interpretation
Sternheimer-Malbin stain	15 (20.6)	Highlighted the urine sediment morphology, but the visualization of the intracellular bacteria against the background was vague
Wright-Giemsa stain	19 (26.0)	Better than Sternheimer-Malbin and Safranin stains for visualization of intracellular clusters
Safranin stain	11 (16.4)	Weak staining for intracellular bacteria; lowest sensitivity among the stains
Immunofluorescence (anti-E. coli)	27 (37.0)	Highest sensitivity due to specific antigen targeting

IBC: Intracellular bacterial community; E. coli: Escherichia coli.

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Citation: Pandey S, Aravaanan ASK, Bhaskar E, Silambanan S. Detection of intracellular bacterial communities and biofilms in urinary tract infections with Escherichia coli using staining protocols. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(2): 119306
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v16/i2/119306.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.v16.i2.119306

Pandey S, Aravaanan ASK, Bhaskar E, Silambanan S. Detection of intracellular bacterial communities and biofilms in urinary tract infections with Escherichia coli using staining protocols. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(2): 119306 [PMID: 42394778 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v16.i2.119306]

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