Very low-density lipoprotein and the human health

Table 3 Cancer types where experimental evidence directly implicates very low-density lipoprotein/very low-density lipoprotein receptor in experimental models

Cancer type	Model evidence	Mechanistic insight
HCC	shRNA knockdown reduces proliferation in hepatoma cells	VLDLR supports tumor cell growth
ccRCC	siRNA knockdown reduces lipid uptake in RCC cells	VLDLR mediates pathological lipid uptake
Breast cancer	VLDLR manipulation alters cancer cell behavior; VLDL increases metastasis in vivo	VLDLR/VLDL enhance tumor aggressiveness
Gastrointestinal cancer	Altered VLDLR subtype expression in tumor cell lines/tissues	Suggests involvement in differentiation but not fully functional yet
Colorectal cancer	Altered expression correlates with tumor features	Functional causality still emerging

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; ccRCC: Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma; VLDLR: Very low-density lipoprotein receptor; VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein.