Renin-angiotensin system blockade attenuates brain mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation associated with hypertension, metabolic disorders, and aging

Figure 2 The renin-angiotensin system balance as an integrative axis between peripheral organs and brain health. The functional state of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), largely regulated by the heart and kidneys, directly influences blood pressure and determines brain trajectories toward either health or disease. RAS dysregulation promotes hypertension, mitochondrial dysfunction, and pathological microglial activation, contributing to blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline. In contrast, a balanced RAS helps maintain normal blood pressure, preserve mitochondrial function, and support a neuroprotective environment that safeguards cognitive function. RAS: Renin-angiotensin system; BBB: Blood-brain barrier.