Multifocal epithelial hyperplasia: Clinical features, diagnosis and management challenges

Table 1 Results chronological table of the studies on multifocal epithelial hyperplasia included (2025→2021)

Ref.	Year	Prevalence	Molecular diagnostic methods	Immunohistochemical markers	Number of patients
Bravo et al[6]	2024	Increased prevalence in small populations of Native American descent	PCR for HPV13/32; Genomic sequencing (phylogenetic analysis of AlphaPVs); In situ hybridization	p16 INK4a (not always overexpressed); Ki-67; Keratins (differentiation)	Not specified (narrative review)
Conde-Ferráez et al[3]	2024	38.1% (Peru); 13% (Colombia); 22% vs 2%	PCR (HPV13/32); Sequencing (GenBank). Serology	Not specified	3877 children (Peru); 138 schoolchildren
Di Spirito et al[2]	2023	51.37%	In situ hybridization; PCR; Biopsy + molecular techniques	Not specified	75/146 oral lesions (in 153 children)
Dommisch et al[10]	2023	Endemic in Inuit and South American natives; women: 5:1 ratio	PCR for HPV-13 and 32	Not specified	Not specified
Wang et al[1]	2023	Rare in Asia (0.02%-35% depending on region); Underdiagnosed in China	PCR (GP5+/6+, MY09/11); Sanger sequencing; RDB genotyping	Not specified	1 clinical case
Sethi et al[4]	2021	32.3% (Nahuatl, Mexico); 7.4%-13% (indigenous); 0.11% (Sweden)	PCR (HPV13/32 primers); DNA sequencing; In situ hybridization; Microscopy	Cytokeratin 4/13; sensitivity 80%, specificity 70%	95 cases: 54 women, 41 men

PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; HPV: Human papillomavirus.