Kefir revisited: Insights from the North Caucasus

Table 1 Biological effects of milk kefir

Biological activity	Ref.
Antagonistic activity against pathogenic microorganisms	[35-41]
Reducing the inflammatory process in colitis	[42-44]
Improvement in the GMWI	[45]
Reducing symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation	[46,47]
Anticancer effect	[49-59]
Immunomodulatory and anti-allergic effect	[62-72,74]
Hypocholesterolemic effect	[75-79]
Glucose-lowering effect	[81,82]
Improving outcomes in NAFLD	[84]
Antioxidant activity	[85-87]
Antihypertensive effect	[88-90]
Healing effect on skin lesions and chemical esophagitis	[91,92]
Anti-aging effect	[93]

NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; GMWI: Gut microbiome wellness index.