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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Exp Med. Dec 20, 2025; 15(4): 107316
Published online Dec 20, 2025. doi: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i4.107316
Figure 3
Figure 3 The bidirectional gut–liver communication through bile acids. Bidirectional gut–liver communication illustrates how microbial metabolites and endotoxins disrupt the intestinal barrier and drive hepatic inflammation, while bile acids regulate gut homeostasis.


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