Hepatitis B virus genotype distribution and mutation patterns: Insights and clinical implications for hepatitis B virus positive patients

Table 2 It shows common mutations in hepatitis B virus genome

No.	Mutation	Location	Effect	Clinical significance	Impact on treatment
1	G1896A	Pre-core	Defective HBeAg production	HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B	May affect serological monitoring
2	G145R, T126I	S region	Immuneand diagnostic escape	Occult infections, vaccine breakthrough	May affect serological monitoring
3	A1762T/G1764A	Core promoter	Higherviral replication	Increased risk of liverdisease progression	Requires close monitoring
4	RtM204V/I	Polymerase	Lamivudine resistance	Viral rebound and liver disease progression	Reduced efficacy of lamivudine and potential cross-resistance
5	RtI169T, rtT184G, rtS202I, rtM250V	Polymerase	Entecavir resistance	Necessitates alternative therapies	Reduced efficacy of entecavir
6	RtA194T	Polymerase	Tenofovir resistance	Complicates treatment strategies	Reduced susceptibility to tenofovir, especially with priorlamivudine exposure
7	K130M, V131I	X gene	Adefovir resistance	Enhances viral replication and transcription	These mutations stabilizes the virus under drug pressure

HbeAg: Hepatitis B e antigen.