Phytochemical analysis of Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera and their therapeutic activities with special reference to COVID-19

Table 1 Various classes of phytoconstituents reported to be present in both Tinospora cordifolia and Withania somnifera extracts and their diagnostic tests

S/No.	Compound class	Tests	Tinospora cordifolia					Withania somnifera
		Extract types	A	B	C	D	E	A	B	C	D	E
1	Alkaloids	Mayer’s test	√	√	√	√	X	X	X	X	√	X
		Dragendorff’s test	√	√	√	√	X	X	X	X	√	X
		Hager’s test	√	√	√	√	X	X	X	X	√	X
2	Glycosides	Legal’s test	X	X	√	√	X	X	X	√	√	X
3	Phenols	Ferric chloride test	√	√	√	√	X	X	X	√	√	X
4	Saponins	Foam test	X	√	√	√	X	X	X	X	√	X
5	Steroids and Terpenoids	Liebermann-Burchard’s test	X	X	X	X	√	√	X	X	√	X
6	Phytosterols	Salkowski’s test	X	X	√	X	√	√	X	X	X	X
7	Flavonoids	Alkaline reagent test	√	√	√	√	X	X	X	X	X	√
8	Amino acids and Proteins	Ninhydrin test	√	X	√	√	X	X	X	X	X	√
9	Carbohydrates	Molisch’s test	√	X	√	√	X	X	X	√	√	X
		Fehling’s test	√	√	√	√	X	X	X	√	√	X

A: Hexane extract; B: Chloroform extract; C: Ethyl acetate extract; D: Alcohol extract; E: Aqueous extract; F: Hydroalcoholic extract. ‘X’ indicates not detected; ‘√’ indicates detected.