Changes in the metabolism of axillary lymph node cells as a predictor of regional metastasis in breast cancer

doi:10.5493/wjem.125128

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World Journal of Experimental Medicine

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World J Exp Med. Sep 20, 2026; 16(3): 125128
Published online Sep 20, 2026. doi: 10.5493/wjem.125128

Table 9 Frequency of weak and pronounced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in lymph nodes according to the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients with breast cancer, n (%)

	VCAM-1 expression in the LN sinuses			VCAM-1 expression in the LN follicles			VCAM-1 expression in the LN cortex			VCAM-1 expression in the LN medulla
	0-1	2-3	P value	0-1	2-3	P value	0	1-2	P value	0-1	2	P value
Age
≥ 60 years	18 (56.3)	14 (43.7)	0.3383	28 (87.5)	4 (12.5)	0.0020^a	12 (37.5)	20 (62.5)	0.0425	20 (62.5)	12 (37.5)	0.2100
> 60 years	40 (71.4)	16 (28.6)	0.3383	31 (55.4)	25 (44.6)	0.0020^a	33 (58.9)	23 (41.1)	0.0425	38 (67.9)	18 (32.1)	0.2100
T stage
T1	32 (59.3)	22 (40.7)	0.0972	37 (68.5)	17 (31.5)	0.7111	25 (46.3)	29 (53.7)	0.2523	36 (66.7)	18 (33.3)	0.8501
T2	26 (76.5)	8 (23.5)	0.0972	22 (64.7)	12 (35.3)	0.7111	20 (58.8)	14 (41.2)	0.2523	22 (64.7)	12 (35.3)	0.8501
N stage
N0-1	40 (64.5)	22 (35.5)	0.6703	41 (66.1)	21 (33.9)	0.7776	29 (46.8)	33 (53.2)	0.2062	40 (64.5)	22 (35.5)	0.6703
N2-3	18 (69.2)	8 (30.8)	0.6703	18 (69.2)	8 (30.8)	0.7776	16 (61.5)	10 (38.5)	0.2062	18 (69.2)	8 (30.8)	0.6703
Tumor grade (G)
G1-G2	46 (76.7)	14 (23.3)	0.0005^a	47 (78.3)	13 (21.7)	0.0021^a	37 (61.7)	23 (38.3)	0.0052^a	46 (76.7)	14 (23.3)	0.0005^a
G3	12 (42.9)	16 (57.1)	0.0005^a	12 (42.9)	16 (57.1)	0.0021^a	8 (28.6)	20 (71.4)	0.0052^a	12 (42.9)	16 (54.1)	0.0005^a
Lymphovascular invasion
No	32 (59.3)	22 (40.7)	0.0972	35 (64.8)	19 (35.2)	0.5748	23 (42.59)	31 (57.4)	0.0433	32 (59.3)	22 (40.7)	0.0972
Present	26 (76.5)	8 (23.5)	0.0972	24 (70.6)	10 (29.4)	0.5748	22 (64.7)	12 (35.3)	0.0433	26 (76.5)	8 (23.5)	0.0972
Perineural invasion
No	44 (64.7)	24 (35.3)	0.6606	47 (69.1)	21 (30.9)	0.5557	35 (51.5)	33 (48.5)	0.9079	42 (61.8)	26 (38.2)	0.1305
Present	14 (70)	6 (30)		12 (60.0)	8 (40)		10 (50)	10 (50)		16 (80)	4 (20)
Intraductal component
No	48 (66.7)	24 (33.3)	0.7505	47 (65.3)	25 (34.7)	0.4543	35 (48.6)	37 (51.4)	0.3148	42 (58.3)	30 (41.7)	0.0015^a
Present	10 (62.5)	6 (37.5)	0.7505	12 (75)	4 (25)	0.4543	10 (62.5)	6 (37.5)	0.3148	16 (100)	0 (0)	0.0015^a
Breast cancer subtype
Luminal A	26 (65)	14 (35)	0.0003^a	31 (77.5)	9 (22.5)	< 0.00001^a	23 (57.5)	17 (42.5)	0.0008^a	28 (70)	12 (30)	0.00001^a
Luminal B HER2 –	22 (73.3)	8 (26.7)		22 (73.3)	8 (26.7)		16 (53.3)	14 (46.7)		24 (80)	6 (20)
Luminal B HER2 +	0 (0)	8 (100)		0 (0)	8 (100)		0 (0)	8 (100)		0 (0)	8 (100)
HER2 +	4 (100)	0 (0)		0 (0)	4 (100)		0 (0)	4 (100)		0 (0)	4 (100)
TNBC	6 (100)	0 (0)		6 (100)	0 (0)		6 (100)	0 (0)		6 (100)	0 (0)
Estrogen receptor status
Negative	10 (100)	0 (0)	0.0157^a	6 (60)	4 (40)	0.6147	6 (60)	4 (40)	0.5515	6 (60)	4 (40)	0.6754
Positive	48 (61.5)	30 (38.5)	0.0157^a	53 (67.9)	25 (32.1)	0.6147	39 (50)	39 (50)	0.5515	52 (66.7)	26 (33.3)	0.6754
Progesterone receptor status
Negative	24 (70.6)	10 (29.4)	0.4625	18 (52.9)	16 (47.1)	0.0255	16 (47.1)	18 (52.9)	0.5437	22 (64.7)	12 (35.3)	0.8501
Positive	34 (62.9)	20 (37.1)	0.4625	41 (75.9)	13 (24.1)	0.0255	29 (53.7)	25 (46.3)	0.5437	36 (66.7)	18 (33.3)	0.8501
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status
Negative	54 (71.1)	22 (28.9)	0.0104^a	59 (77.6)	17 (22.4)	< 0.00001^a	45 (59.2)	31 (40.8)	0.0001^a	58 (76.3)	18 (23.7)	< 0.00001^a
Positive	4 (33.3)	8 (66.7)	0.0104^a	0 (0)	12 (100)	< 0.00001^a	0 (0)	12 (100)	0.0001^a	0 (0)	12 (100)	< 0.00001^a
Ki67 index
< 40	38 (67.9)	18 (34.1)	0.6101	43 (76.8)	13 (23.2)	0.0101^a	31 (55.4)	25 (44.6)	0.2947	44 (78.6)	12 (21.4)	0.0009^a
≥ 40	20 (62.5)	12 (37.5)	0.6101	16 (50)	16 (50)	0.0101^a	14 (43.7)	18 (56.3)	0.2947	14 (43.7)	18 (56.3)	0.0009^a

^aP value < 0.0250 is considered significant.

CXCR4: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4; LN: Lymph node; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.

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Citation: Senchukova MA, Ishemgulov AT, Letuta SN, Saidler NV, Tagabilev DG. Changes in the metabolism of axillary lymph node cells as a predictor of regional metastasis in breast cancer. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(3): 125128
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315X/full/v16/i3/125128.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5493/wjem.125128

Senchukova MA, Ishemgulov AT, Letuta SN, Saidler NV, Tagabilev DG. Changes in the metabolism of axillary lymph node cells as a predictor of regional metastasis in breast cancer. World J Exp Med 2026; 16(3): 125128 [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.125128]

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