Unveiling the antibiotic resistance pattern in Staphylococcus aureus: A systematic review (2013-2024)

Table 1 Characteristics of included studies (2013–2024)

Ref.	Study design (observational/cohort/case control/cross sectional)	Study setting (state/region)	Sample size (n)	Clinical source (e.g., blood, wound, nasal swab)	Patient population	Laboratory methods	Antibiotics tested
[29]	Observational	Tamil Nadu, India	26	Sputum, nasal, throat swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer’s method/Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method	Methicillin, ampicillin, penicillin, oflaxacin, oxacillin, tobramycin, gentamycin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, bacitracin, chloramphenico
[30]	Cohort	Odisha, India	718	Blood	People from rural community	Antimicrobial susceptibility disc diffusion method	Penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, linezolid
[31]	Observational	Puducherry, India	8032	Blood, body fluids	People from rural and urban community	Kirby-Bauer’s method/Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method	Penicillin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, teicoplanin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, linezolid
[32]	Observational	Odisha, India	278	Pus, wound swab, nasal swab, skin swab, urine, body fluids and blood	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Cefoxitin disc diffusion test, D-test	Methicillin
[33]	Observational	India	185	Throat swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Antimicrobial susceptibility disc diffusion method	Erythromycin, penicillin, clindamycin, amoxicillin, gentamicin, vancomycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin
[34]	Observational	Delhi, India	6	Pus, wound	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Cefoxitin disc diffusion test, disc diffusion	Penicillin, amoxicillin methicillin, oxacillin, cefoxitin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime
[35]	Observational	Jaipur	30	Urine, inanimate swab, semen, earswabs, corneal swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Agar diffusion method	Ampicillin followed by ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, cefixime, doxycycline/pefloxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, cefuroxime, amoxiclave, cefazolin, cephalexin, amikacin, netilmicin
[36]	Cross-sectional observational	Haryana, India	747	Pus, exudates, wound, tissue, swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by VITEK 2 AST-P628 card (bioMerieuxInc., France)	Penicillin, gentamycin, co-trimoxazole, erythromycin, clindamycin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, linezolid, teicoplanin, vancomycin
[37]	Observational	Gujarat, India	36	Rectal swab, urine sample, wound swab, hand swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Disc diffusion testing	Penicillin, aziothromycin, erythromycin, linezolid, co-trimoxazole, vancomycin, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacon, ofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamycin, norfloxacin, ampicillin, piperacillin/tazobactum
[38]	Observational	Odisha, India	251	wound-swabs	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Disc diffusion testing	Amikacin, gentamycin, tobramycin, amoxyclav, ampicillin, oxacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, linezolid, vancomycin
[39]	Observational	Patna, India	86	Nasal swabs	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Disc diffusion testing	Methicillin
[40]	Cross-sectional	Mysore, India	200	Anterior nares and web spaces of both hands	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Disc diffusion testing	Methicillin
[41]	Observational cross-sectional	Kashmir, India	229	Nasal swabs	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Erythromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, oxacillin
[42]	Cross-sectional	Kolkata, West Bengal, India	46	23 pus, 6 blood, 17 wound swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Cefoxitin, clindamycin, azithromycin, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, linezolid
[43]	Retrospective study	India	26310	Pus, blood, respiratory samples, urine, sterile body fluids, tissue, ear swab, nasa swab, skin swab	Patients from tertiary care Hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Erythromycin, clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin
[44]	Cross-sectional study	Pondicherry, India	192	Pus swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Methicillin
[45]	Cross sectional	South India	102	Pus swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, gentamicin, amikacin, netilmicin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol
[46]	Observational, cross-sectional	Mumbai/Pune India	143	Pus, urine, blood and sputum samples, pleural fluids and tissue bits	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Disc difusion method	Erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tetracycline
[47]	Observational, cross-sectional	Karad, India	100	Pus, sputum, wound swabs, blood, urine, and other body fluids	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Disc difusion method	Penicillin-G, erythromycin, gentamycin, co-trimoxazole, clindamycin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxaci, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, vancomycin
[48]	Observational	Kolkata, India	50	Wound	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Amoxyclav, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefuroxime, clindamycin, gentamicin, trimethoprim– sulfamethoxazole, amikacin, doxycycline
[49]	Observational	Punjab, India	248	Pus, blood, urine, body fluids, catheter tips etc.	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, linezolid, Ampicillin, co-trimoxazole
[50]	Observational, cross-sectional	South, India	100	Skin swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin
[51]	Observational	Tamil Nadu, India	165	Throat swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Pethicillin
[52]	Observational	Haryana, India	104	Blood culture bottles	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Cefoxitin disc diffusion test, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole
[53]	Prospective, cross sectional study	Patna, India	179	Pus, urine, blood, conjunctival swab, endo-tracheal aspirate and synovial fluid	Patients from tertiary care Hospital	Cefoxitin disc diffusion test, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, vancomycin, linezolid
[54]	Observational	Doon Valley, Uttrakhand	111	Nasal swab	Patients from tertiary care hospital	Cefoxitin disc diffusion test, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion	Methicillin