Effect of propolis and honey in hyperglycemia-induced kidney and liver injuries, proteinuria, and oxidant and antioxidant parameters

Table 9 Effect of interventions on D-glucose-induced changes in antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and malondialdehyde concentrations in liver tissues, mean ± SD

Parameters/liver tissue	Interventions					F/P value
	C	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H
GSH (μg/g tissue)	16.0 ± 1.15	12.36 ± 2.98	15.2 ± 2.29	15.48 ± 1.56	15.66 ± 2.07	2.56/0.65
GPx (nmol GSH/min/mg prt)	10.38 ± 0.75	5.56 ± 0.271	8.18 ± 0.22	9.81 ± 1.22	11.96 ± 2.332	7.18/0.001
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	40.58 ± 11.2	70.2 ± 121	49.87 ± 12.6	46.87 ± 52	47.6 ± 6.11	6.56/0.001
CAT (µmol H2O2/min/mg prt)	27.28 ± 5.2	14.6 ± 2.11	20.85 ± 3.3	30.3 ± 6.32	23.9 ± 2.222	11.49/0.001
Protein (mg/g tissue)	6.4 ± 0.15	4.44 ± 0.211	5.1 ± 0.171,2	5.33 ± 0.171,2	5.2 ± 0.51,2	34/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose; GSH: Glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; CAT: Catalase.