Effect of propolis and honey in hyperglycemia-induced kidney and liver injuries, proteinuria, and oxidant and antioxidant parameters

Table 7 Effects of the interventions on blood and urine electrolytes, mean ± SD

	Electrolytes (mmol/L)
	Sodium	Potassium	Chloride	Phosphorous	Calcium
Serum level
C	145.85 ± 7.35	4.45 ± 0.05	105.00 ± 8.42	2.17 ± 0.01	2.82 ± 0.04
D	130.50 ± 5.121	4.17 ± 0.091	107.12 ± 5.64	2.01 ± 0.031	2.75 ± 0.08
D + P	137.64 ± 5.23	4.48 ± 0.032	104.50 ± 5.24	2.09 ± 0.01	2.81 ± 0.01
D + H	147.28 ± 6.383	4.43 ± 0.032	113.00 ± 7.212	2.15 ± 0.052	2.85 ± 0.01
D + P + H	141.12 ± 4.61	4.56 ± 0.072,4	108.76 ± 6.34	2.13 ± 0.022	2.82 ± 0.06
F/P value	6.99/0.001	30/0.001	1.46/0.25	25/0.001	2.81/0.052
Urinary level
C	90.41 ± 4.37	60.84 ± 3.66	82.16 ± 3.85	1.28 ± 0.03	2.63 ± 0.05
D	110.58 ± 1.231	60.91 ± 5.18	82.10 ± 7.25	1.26 ± 0.07	2.70 ± 0.11
D + P	88.34 ± 6.412	60.85 ± 4.54	80.14 ± 5.68	1.28 ± 0.02	2.67 ± 0.08
D + H	101.62 ± 7.73	60.82 ± 2.97	86.92 ± 5.11	1.27 ± 0.02	2.69 ± 0.06
D + P + H	97.13 ± 6.58	60.88 ± 3.82	83.17 ± 4.94	1.30 ± 0.05	2.61 ± 0.03
F/P value	12.1/0.001	0.06/0.992	1.122/0.374	0.60/0.664	1.47/0.248

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

³Compared to D-glucose + Propolis.

⁴Compared to D-glucose + Honey.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose.