Effect of propolis and honey in hyperglycemia-induced kidney and liver injuries, proteinuria, and oxidant and antioxidant parameters

Table 6 Effect of interventions on kidney function tests, mean ± SD

Parameters	Interventions					F/P value
	N	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H
Urea (mg/dL)	32.9 ± 4.87	74.5 ± 5.991	52.9 ± 10.91	52.8 ± 5.11,2	47.4 ± 2.92	25.3/0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.64 ± 0.03	1.23 ± 0.031	0.92 ± 0.021,2	0.97 ± 0.111,2	0.81 ± 0.041,2,3	74.2/0.001
Uric acid (mg/dL)	1.8 ± 0.07	2.55 ± 0.281	2.0 ± 0.142	2.11 ± 0.08	2.07 ± 0.062	16.7/0.001
Urine creatinine(mg/mL)	53.4 ± 4.7	34.5 ± 4.41	47.5 ± 4.52	42.73 ± 8.2	47.8 ± 2.852	8.84/0.001
Urine uric acid (mg/mL)	8.53 ± 0.34	12.34 ± 0.531	9.83 ± 0.432	10.23 ± 0.60	9.99 ± 0.572	63.99/0.001
Urine protein (mg/mL)	27.3 ± 2.16	36.53 ± 1.91	29.9 ± 2.42	32.27 ± 0.82	30.3 ± 2.02	15.94/0.001

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

³Compared to D-glucose + Propolis.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose.