Effect of propolis and honey in hyperglycemia-induced kidney and liver injuries, proteinuria, and oxidant and antioxidant parameters

Table 4 Effect of interventions on blood glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function, and quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index, mean ± SD

Parameters	Interventions					F/P value
	C	D	D + P	D + H	D + P + H
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.33 ± 0.40	9.92 ± 0.521	7.19 ± 0.161,2	7.58 ± 0.281,2	6.89 ± 0.551,2	82/0.001
Insulin (U/L)	11.71 ± 0.60	25.22 ± 0.861	16.19 ± 0.271,2	21.42 ± 1.41,2,3	14.01 ± 0.621,2,3,4	216.6/0.001
HOMA-IR	2.78 ± 0.33	11.13 ± 0.861	5.17 ± 0.201,2	7.23 ± 0.751,2,3	4.29 ± 0.361,2,4	165/0.001
HOMA-B	40.55 ± 2.31	47.41 ± 2.331	41.51 ± 0.532	52.96 ± 2.271,3	37.35 ± 3.862,4	33.1/0.001
QUICKI	0.16 ± 0.001	0.15 ± 0.0071	0.15 ± 0.0041	0.15 ± 0.0011	0.15± 0.0041	6/0.002

¹Compared to Control.

²Compared to D-glucose.

³Compared to D-glucose + Propolis.

⁴Compared to D-glucose + Honey.

H: Honey; P: Propolis; C: Control; D; D-glucose; HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-B: Homeostasis model assessment-beta-cell function; QUICKI: Quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index.