Preclinical pharmacology studies of zingerone with special reference to potential therapeutic applications

Figure 4 Graphical abstract: Several pharmacological activities of zingerone with mechanism of actions. EPSC: Excitatory post-synaptic current; TG: Triglycerides; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoproteins; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; IL: Interleukin; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; GSH: Glutathione; CAT: Catalase; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-beta 1; Bcl-2: B cell lymphoma-2; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; CRP: C-reactive protein; AST: Aspartate transaminase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; TRL-4: Toll-like receptor-4.