Probiotic treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Its extent and intensity

Figure 1 Illustration of the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammation enhances the oxidative stress by stimulating inducible nitric oxide synthase and myeloperoxidase from inflammatory cells. Simultaneously, oxidative stress involves in the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines, like nuclear factor-B and other cytokines developing IBDs. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; MPO: Myeloperoxidase.