Urological manifestations and treatment of the primary systemic vasculitides

Table 2 Main clinical manifestations of patients with polyarteritis nodosa[7^,14]

Manifestation	Specific problems	Frequency
Systemic symptoms	Fever, malaise, weight loss, myalgias arthralgias	80%
Neuropathy	Mononeuritis multiplex, polyneuropathy	75%
Arthralgias and/or myalgias	Articular and/or diffuse extremity pain	60%
Cutaneous	Livedo reticularis, purpura, ulcers	50%
Renal disease	Elevated creatinine, haematuria, proteinuria	50%
Gastrointestinal symptoms	Abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea rectal bleeding, ulceration, peritonitis	40%
Hypertension	New onset	35%
Central nervous system disease	Stroke, confusion	20%
Orchitis	Testicular pain, swelling	20%
Cardiac involvement	Cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, palpitations, myocardial infarction	10%
Peripheral vascular disease	Claudication, ischaemia, necrosis	10%
Ophthalmological	Exudates, vasculitis	10%