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Meta-Analysis
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Clin Urol. Sep 16, 2026; 15(2): 123313
Published online Sep 16, 2026. doi: 10.5410/wjcu.123313
Table 2 Risk of bias assessment of included studies
Study type
Tool used
Overall assessment
RCTs (Jung et al[19], 2008, Croghan et al[36], 2024)ROB 2Low-moderate risk
Prospective clinical studiesNewcastle-Ottawa ScaleModerate-high quality
Retrospective studiesNewcastle-Ottawa ScaleModerate quality
Animal studiesCustomized checklistModerate risk
In vitro studiesCustomized checklistLow-moderate risk
Validation studiesCustomized checklistLow risk


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