Double incontinence among women globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 8 Subgroup analysis with formal tests for differences

Subgroup	Studies (n)	Pooled prevalence (%)	95%CI	I² (%)	Q-between	df	P value
By study setting					3.18	1	0.075
Community-based	4	7.8	6.2-9.7	28.5
Clinical/hospital	4	10.9	8.1-14.5	31.2
Healthcare workers	1	6.0	4.1-8.7	N/A
By age group					0.16	1	0.689
Reproductive age (< 50)	3	9.1	6.8-12.1	42.3
Mixed/older (≥ 50)	7	8.4	6.7-10.5	29.8
By geographic region					0.35	1	0.554
Europe/North America	4	8.2	6.9-9.7	18.7
Other (South America, Asia, North Africa)	6	9.1	6.8-12.0	38.9

Q-between tests the null hypothesis that subgroup prevalence estimates are equal. Healthcare worker subgroup was excluded from formal testing due to it being a single study. None of the subgroup differences reached statistical significance (all P > 0.05). CI: Confidence interval; N/A: Not applicable.