Double incontinence among women globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 5 Meta-regression analysis of predictors of heterogeneity

Covariate	Coefficient	SE	95%CI	Z	P value	R² (%)
Study setting
Clinical/hospital vs community	0.334	0.169	-0.007 to 0.675	1.98	0.063	14.2
Geographic region
Other vs Europe/North America	0.108	0.168	-0.231 to 0.447	0.64	0.524	2.1
Mean participant age
Per 10-year increase	-0.052	0.092	-0.238 to 0.134	-0.56	0.576	1.5
Sample size
Log (n)	-0.079	0.096	-0.274 to 0.116	-0.82	0.418	3.2
Study quality score
Per 1-point increase (JBI scale)	0.028	0.047	-0.067 to 0.123	0.59	0.557	0.0
Full model (all covariates)	-	-	-	-	-	23.8
Residual heterogeneity
Residual Tau²	0.0285	-	-	-	-	-
Residual I²	28.5%	-	-	-	-	-

Coefficients on logit scale. R² represents proportion of Tau² explained by each covariate. Full model R² of 23.8% indicates that 76.2% of heterogeneity unexplained. CI: Confidence interval; JBI: Joanna Briggs Institute.