Double incontinence among women globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 3 Comprehensive assessment of heterogeneity

Heterogeneity metric	Value	95%CI	P value	Interpretation
I² (%)	32.7	0.0-62.8	-	Moderate heterogeneity (30%-60% range)
Tau²	0.0374	0.000-0.152	-	Moderate between-study variance
Tau (SD)	0.193	0.000-0.390	-	SD on logit scale
95% prediction interval (%)	-	6.5-11.5	-	Expected range of true study effects
Q-statistic	13.396	-	0.145	Not significant (low power with n = 10)
H²	1.49	1.11-2.69	-	Observed variance 49% > expected
Tau²/total variance (%)	27.3	-	-	Proportion of variance due to heterogeneity

I² confidence interval calculated using non-central χ² method; Tau² confidence interval using Q-profile method. Prediction interval represents expected range of 95% of true study-specific effects. CI: Confidence interval.