Double incontinence among women globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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World Journal of Clinical Urology

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2219-2816

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Meta-Analysis

World J Clin Urol. Feb 12, 2026; 15(1): 115330
Published online Feb 12, 2026. doi: 10.5410/wjcu.v15.i1.115330

Table 12 Global standards compliance assessment

Criterion	Recommended standard	Study achievement	Met?
WHO regional coverage	≥ 4 of 6 regions	4 of 6 regions (67%)	Partial
Income diversity	All income levels represented	2 of 4 levels (high and upper-middle only)	Limited
Minimum sample size	≥ 10000 participants	76009 participants	Yes
Geographic diversity	Multiple continents	4 continents (Americas, Europe, Asia, North Africa)	Yes
Sample distribution	No single country >50%	United States = 84.7% of total sample	No
Sub-Saharan Africa inclusion	At least 1 study recommended	0 studies	No

WHO: World Health Organization.

Citation: Katongole J, Akankwasa P, Namutosi E, Hakizimana T, Suleiman IA, Kakooza J, Lewis CR, Okurut E. Double incontinence among women globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Urol 2026; 15(1): 115330
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2816/full/v15/i1/115330.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5410/wjcu.v15.i1.115330

Katongole J, Akankwasa P, Namutosi E, Hakizimana T, Suleiman IA, Kakooza J, Lewis CR, Okurut E. Double incontinence among women globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Clin Urol 2026; 15(1): 115330 [DOI: 10.5410/wjcu.v15.i1.115330]

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