Urological footprint of chronic kidney disease: A nephrologist perspective on early detection and collaborative management

Table 3 Common bladder dysfunction types in dialysis patients

Type of dysfunction	Description	Prevalence
DU	Weak bladder muscle contraction; leads to incomplete emptying	Common in long-term dialysis patients, may coexist with sensory deficits
BO	Heightened sensation despite low urine volume; causes urgency	Frequently reported; often overlaps with other dysfunctions
Overflow incontinence	Bladder overfills due to poor emptying; leaks involuntarily	Less common but clinically significant; may result from DU
Loss of bladder sensation	Patients may not feel the need to urinate, even when bladder is full	Often underdiagnosed; contributes to silent retention and overflow
Small bladder capacity	Due to long-term anuria and disuse, bladder shrinks in volume	Very common in anuric patients; reversible with restored urine output
Mixed dysfunction	Combination of two or more dysfunction types	Frequently observed; requires individualized assessment and management

DU: Detrusor underactivity; BO: Bladder oversensitivity.