Urological footprint of chronic kidney disease: A nephrologist perspective on early detection and collaborative management

Table 2 Lower urinary tract symptoms and urine output pattern by chronic kidney disease stage

CKD stage	LUTS	Urine output pattern
Stage 1 eGFR (> 90)	Mild frequency, possible urgency in glomerular disease	Normal or slightly increased (polyuria in some cases)
Stage 2 eGFR (60-89)	Nocturia, mild urgency/frequency	Normal or mildly reduced
Stage 3 eGFR (30-59)	Nocturia, urgency, incontinence, hesitancy	May show reduced concentration ability, nocturnal polyuria
Stage 4 eGFR (15-29)	Urinary retention, overflow incontinence, weak stream	Marked reduction in output (oliguria)
Stage 5 eGFR (< 15 or ESKD)	Severe LUTS, incontinence, poor bladder sensation	Severely reduced or absent (anuria), dialysis-dependent

CKD: Chronic kidney disease; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD: End-stage kidney disease; LUTS: Lower urinary tract symptoms.