Retinal emboli

Table 1 Prevalence and basic demographic features of patients found to have retinal emboli in large population-based studies

Ref.	Prevalence	No of participants	% male	Average age	Ethnicity
Wong et al[18]	0.2%	15466	44%	63	Mixed (21% black, 79% white)
Hoki et al[15]	0.4%	5959	42%	55	Latino
Cheung et al[14]	0.6%	3265	52%	59	Asian Malays
Klein et al[16]	1.3%	4926	44%	62	White
Mitchell et al[17]	1.4%	3654	43%	66	White

Table 2 Risk factors for retinal emboli

Probable risk factors	Unlikely risk factors	Insufficient data
Smoking (8/8)	History of angina (2/5)	Elevated pulse pressure (2/2)
History of coronary artery bypass graft (3/3)	History of myocardial infarction (2/5)	Known carotid artery plaque (2/2)
Hypertension (5/7)	Body mass index/obesity (1/7)	LDL cholesterol (1/1)
Older age (4/6)	Diabetes (1/7)	Mean arterial blood pressure (1/1)
Coronary artery disease (2/3)	Aspirin use (1/3)	Previous vascular surgery (1/1)
Serum fibrinogen (2/3)	History of stroke (0/6)	Serum lipoprotein (1/1)
Systolic blood pressure (3/5)	Diastolic blood pressure (0/4)	Congestive heart failure (0/1)
Male sex (3/6)	Alcohol use (0/3)	Hemoglobin A1C (0/1)
Total cholesterol (3/6)	Hematocrit (0/3)	Hormone replacement therapy (0/1)
	Platelet count (0/3)	Serum triglycerides (0/1)
		Carotid artery bypass surgery (0/2)
		Serum glucose (0/2)

The numbers in parentheses indicate the fraction of studies reviewed in this article that report a statistically significant association with retinal emboli. A potential risk factor was considered to have insufficient data if there were fewer than 3 studies investigating its relationship to retinal emboli.