Systematic review of hematidrosis: Time for clinicians to recognize this entity

Table 4 Differential diagnosis of hematidrosis

Hematologic disorders (Bezner et al[25], 2013; Peretz et al[68], 2016)

Acquired disorder of hemostatic mechanism

A hereditary disorder of hemostatic mechanism

Infection (Jirka, 1968; Peretz et al[68], 2016)

Chromobacterium prodigiosum

Micrococcus castellani

Disorders of vascular integrity (Bezner et al[25], 2013; Peretz et al[68], 2016)

Vasculitis

Amyloidosis

Connective tissue disorders

Gynecologic disorders (Bezner et al[25], 2013)

Ectopic endometriosis

Pathologic processes causing an acute increase in intracranial pressure

Cerebral venous thrombosis

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Valsalva maneuver

Drugs (Girolami et al[74], 2014; Peretz et al[68], 2016)

Antiplatelets such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Anticoagulants

Glucocorticoids

Antidepressants (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

Antiepiletics (e.g. topiramate)

Antibiotics

Chemotherapeutic agents

Intoxication with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Herbal supplement (e.g. Gingko Biloba)

Trauma (Meyer et al[95], 2019; Peretz et al[68], 2016; Rani et al[84], 2018; Yeşilova et al[96], 2017; Zhang et al[16], 2004)

Sleep disorders (parasomnia) (Peretz et al[68], 2016)

Psychiatric disorders (Bezner et al[25], 2013; Karpukhina et al[48], 2020; Peretz et al[68], 2016)

Factitious disorder/factitious disorder by proxy

Psychogenic purpura

"Artistic bleeding"

Religious stigmata or culture-bound phenomenon (Bezner et al[25], 2013; Girolami et al[74], 2014)

Sweat gland disorders (e.g. chromhidrosis) (Jerajani et al[41], 2009)