Systematic review of hematidrosis: Time for clinicians to recognize this entity

Table 3 Demographics of patients with hematidrosis

Variables	N (%)
Sex (n = 102)
Male	24 (23.5)
Female	78 (76.5)
Age in years (n = 94) (Median - range)	13 (0.17-72)
Prodromes1
Headache	18 (26.9)
Dizziness	3 (4.5)
Abdominal pain	11 (16.4)
Nausea	4 (6.0)
Vomiting	4 (6.0)
Tingling	5 (7.5)
Photophobia	2 (3.0)
Phonophobia	2 (3.0)
Pain	3 (4.5)
Soreness	4 (6.0)
Asthenia	3 (4.5)
Easily irritable	2 (3.0)
Others	6 (8.7)
Presence of hemolacria	34 (32.1)
Types of journals
Case report	4 (5.4)
Dermatology	19 (25.7)
Otorhinolaryngology	4 (5.4)
General or internal medicine	17 (23.0)
Hematology and oncology	9 (12.2)
Pediatric (including pediatric hematology and oncology)	15 (20.3)
Pharmacy	1 (1.3)
Preprint (Research Square)	1 (1.3)
Psychiatry	3 (4.1)
Reproductive health	1 (1.3)
Healthcare professionals witness the bleeding episodes
Yes	69 (65.1)
No	25 (23.6)
Not explicitly mentioned	12 (11.3)
Family members witness the bleeding episodes
Yes	50 (47.2)
No	6 (5.6)
Not explicitly mentioned	50 (47.2)
Provided bleeding pictures	85 (80.2)
Laboratory tests done	100 (94.3)
Radiologic and/or other tests done	41 (38.7)
Normal results from all the diagnostic tests done	92 (86.8)
Skin biopsies done	30 (28.3)
Normal or non-specific	19 (63.3)
Analyzed the blood from the bleeding site	71 (67.0)
Doctors involved in the case1
Otolaryngologist	25 (16.6)
Ophthalmologist	6 (4)
Obstetrics and gynaecologist	3 (2)
Psychiatrist	29 (19.3)
Primary care	4 (2.7)
Pediatrics	31 (20.5)
Internal medicine	19 (12.8)
Dermatologist	25 (16.6)
Vascular surgeon	1 (0.7)
Neurologist	7 (4.8)
Tried to exclude other diagnoses	90 (84.9)
Pharmacotherapy2
Beta-blockers	65 (43.0)
Anxiolytic	35 (23.2)
Antidepressants	10 (6.6)
Atropine patches	2 (1.3)
Drops of adrenaline with gauze	1 (0.7)
Ascorbic acids	6 (4.0)
Antifibrinolytic agents	2 (1.3)
Antihistamine receptor blockers	6 (4.0)
Hemostatics	2 (1.3)
Others	22 (14.6)
Psychosocial therapy2
Psychotherapy	15 (37.5)
Behavioural therapy	6 (15)
Relaxation technique	6 (15)
Counseling	13 (32.5)
Outcome (n = 90)
Complete resolution	37 (41.1)
Time taken for complete resolution in days (median) (n = 26)	60 (2-730)
Improvement of symptoms	37 (41.1)
Time taken for improvement of symptoms in days (median) (n = 19)	28 (10-720)
Relapse	8 (8.9)
Time taken for relapse in days (mean) (n = 6)	60 (53.4)
Spontaneous resolution	4 (4.4)
The patient is still under follow up	1 (1.1)
Loss to follow up	3 (3.3)
Possibilities of hematidrosis
Highly likely	21 (19.8)
Likely	58 (54.7)
Unlikely	27 (25.5)

¹One patient can be referred to multiple specialities or have multiple prodromes.

²One patient can receive more than one modality of treatment and more than one drug.