Advancing interleukin-21 in cancer immunotherapy: Mechanisms of action and clinical translation

doi:10.5306/wjco.121101

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology

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2218-4333

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Clin Oncol. Aug 24, 2026; 17(8): 121101
Published online Aug 24, 2026. doi: 10.5306/wjco.121101

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Figure 2 Strategic combination therapies of interleukin-21 for remodeling the tumor microenvironment. IL-21: Interleukin-21; ICIs: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4; TIM-3: T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3; IL-21R: Interleukin-21 receptor; TME: Tumor microenvironment; Tregs: Regulatory T cells; MDSCs: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor; ICR: Inverted cytokine receptor; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Th17: T helper 17 cell; OV: Oncolytic virus; NK: Natural killer; DC: Dendritic cell; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Citation: Wu JX, Jin YM, Shen WJ, Chen ZH, Zuo DB, Chen GP, Ji KK. Advancing interleukin-21 in cancer immunotherapy: Mechanisms of action and clinical translation. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(8): 121101
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v17/i8/121101.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.121101

Wu JX, Jin YM, Shen WJ, Chen ZH, Zuo DB, Chen GP, Ji KK. Advancing interleukin-21 in cancer immunotherapy: Mechanisms of action and clinical translation. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(8): 121101 [DOI: 10.5306/wjco.121101]

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