Metastasis to the adrenal glands: An update

Table 2 Percutaneous ablation for adrenal metastases

Ref.	Modality	n (patients/lesions)	Technical success	Local control/progression	Survival	Complications
Hasegawa et al[29]	Radiofrequency ablation (± arterial embolization)	35/41	Enhancement disappeared after initial radiofrequency ablation in 83% (29/35) and 94% (33/35) after 2nd radiofrequency ablation	Local tumor progression 23% (8/35); overall tumor control 77% at last follow-up	Overall survival 1-year/3-ear/5-year: 75%/34%/30%; median overall survival 26.0 months	Major complication 8.3% (4/48 sessions); no mortality
Aoun et al[30]	Cryoablation	34/40	Not reported	Local recurrence 10% overall; 0% if ≤ 3 cm vs 21% if >3 cm	NR	Major complication ≥ grade 3: 5% (2/40); blood pressure escalation associated with residual adrenal tissue
Zhang et al[31]	Cryoablation vs microwave ablation (non-small-cell lung cancer isolated adrenal metastasis)	68/68	Primary complete ablation: 91.4% (cryoablation) vs 93.9% (microwave ablation); secondary complete ablation 100% both	Local progression: 22.9% (cryoablation) vs 24.2% (microwave ablation)	Median overall survival: 25 months (cryoablation) vs 29 months (microwave ablation)	Hypertensive crisis: 11.4% (cryoablation) vs 9.1% (microwave ablation)
Narayanan et al[32]	Irreversible electroporation	6/7	Technical success 100%	Local progression 2/7; median local progression free survival 10.9 months	Median overall survival 8.3 months	Only one grade 1 complication; distant progression 4/6