Glioblastoma in the post-2021 era: Diagnostic recalibration, therapeutic innovations, and future horizons

doi:10.5306/wjco.118209

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World Journal of Clinical Oncology

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2218-4333

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World J Clin Oncol. Jun 24, 2026; 17(6): 118209
Published online Jun 24, 2026. doi: 10.5306/wjco.118209

Table 1 Selected post-2021 clinical and translational landmarks

Year	Milestone/trial	Context/population	Key result/insight	Ref.
2021	Official WHO CNS5 adoption	All gliomas	Molecular reclassification; IDH-wt glioblastoma defined	[3,4]
2021-2025	TTFields reanalysis and adoption debates	Newly diagnosed GBM	Reaffirmed modest benefit, raised compliance/cost issues	[25-28]
2021	Proton vs photon radiotherapy (randomized phase II)	Newly diagnosed glioblastoma	Proton RT reduced grade ≥ 3 radiation-induced lymphopenia (14% vs 39%) with comparable tumor control; no OS/PFS superiority (NCT01854554)	[94]
2024	Multicenter CAR-T trial launches	Recurrent GBM	Locoregional dosing in selected patients	[68]
2024	First public bivalent CAR-T interim reports	Refractory GBM	Intrathecal dual-antigen responses	[70]
2022-2024	G47Δ (teserpaturev) oncolytic virus approval (Japan)	Residual/recurrent GBM	Safety and select durable responses	[61,62]
2021-2025	Liquid biopsy advances	Glioma/GBM	Better ctDNA/EV detection in CSF	[77-79]

CNS5: Central nervous system 5; IDH: Isocitrate dehydrogenase; IDH-wt: Isocitrate dehydrogenase wild type; GBM: Glioblastoma; TTFields: Tumor treating fileds; CAR-T cell: Chimeric antigen receptor T cell; ctDNA: Circulating tumor DNA; EV: Extracellular vesicles; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression free survival.

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Citation: Raut S, Samala SK, Prusty SK. Glioblastoma in the post-2021 era: Diagnostic recalibration, therapeutic innovations, and future horizons. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(6): 118209
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2218-4333/full/v17/i6/118209.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5306/wjco.118209

Raut S, Samala SK, Prusty SK. Glioblastoma in the post-2021 era: Diagnostic recalibration, therapeutic innovations, and future horizons. World J Clin Oncol 2026; 17(6): 118209 [DOI: 10.5306/wjco.118209]

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