Host and gut microbiota crosstalk: A new paradigm for colorectal cancer immunotherapy

Figure 3 History of core research achievements in the microbiota-colorectal cancer crosstalk. These key achievements, from a mere case report to detailed molecular and immunological mechanism explorations, mark significant advancements in the field of host-gut microbiome mutualism under physiological conditions and cancer development, tracing back from 1951 to the current era. With the deepening understanding that suggests remodeling the microbial community represents a potential method to reinforce the antitumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, microbe-based intervention should translate into an indispensable component of clinical therapy in the future. CRC: Colorectal cancer; GM: Gut microbiome; ETBF: Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis; GMD: Gut microbiome dysbiosis; CoPEC: Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli; FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation; ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitor; Fn: Fusobacterium nucleatum.