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World Journal of Clinical Oncology
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2218-4333
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Clin Oncol. Sep 24, 2025; 16(9): 110686
Published online Sep 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i9.110686
Table 4 Candidate strategies to mitigate linoleic acid-driven metabolic stress: Doses, biomarkers, and evidence landscape
Intervention
Proposed human dose
Primary target
Expected biomarker change
Evidence level
Ref.
Dietary LA reduction≤ 3% total kcalLipid peroxidationF2-isoprostanes decreased 20% in 12 weeksRCT-pilot[42,228,274]
Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0)100-200 mg/dayAMPK/SDH restorationSuccinate decreased 30% (rodent)Preclinical[150,229,230]
Low-dose aspirin75-100 mg/dayCOX-2/PGE2 axisSerum PGE2 decreased 50% in 24 hoursObservational + RCT-CV[231-234]
Intermittent fasting16:8 dailyAutophagy inductionLC3-II flux rose 2 × (mouse)Early human[235-238]
LA: Linoleic acid; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase; COX-2: Cyclo-oxygenase-2; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; RCT: Randomized controlled trial; CV: Cardiovascular.
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