Prognostic immune nutritional index-based nutritional stratification enhances recovery and survival in gastric cancer: A randomized controlled trial

Table 5 Pain levels (Visual Analog Scale scores)

Group	Pre-op VAS	1 week post-op	1 month post-op	1 year post-op	Improvement	Statistic	P value
Low-risk	6.9 ± 2.3	5.1 ± 2.0	3.9 ± 1.8	3.2 ± 1.5	-3.7 ± 1.3	F = 10.87	0.028
Moderate-risk	7.2 ± 2.5	5.3 ± 2.1	3.7 ± 1.9	2.9 ± 1.4	-4.3 ± 1.5	F = 11.45	0.014
High-risk	7.5 ± 2.6	4.8 ± 1.9	3.2 ± 1.6	2.1 ± 1.3	-5.4 ± 1.61	F = 13.78	< 0.001

¹Indicates statistically significant difference compared to other groups (P < 0.01).

Lower scores indicate less pain. P values were adjusted using Bonferroni correction where applicable. Missing data were handled using the linear mixed model. “Improvement” refers to change from baseline (Δ value). VAS: Visual Analog Scale for pain (range: 0-10).