Prognostic immune nutritional index-based nutritional stratification enhances recovery and survival in gastric cancer: A randomized controlled trial

Table 1 Baseline characteristics (n = 195), n (%)

Variables	Low-risk group (n = 65)	Moderate-risk group (n = 65)	High-risk group (n = 65)	Statistic	P value
Age (years)	58.5 ± 7.9	59.1 ± 8.4	60.2 ± 8.7	F = 0.832	0.412
Gender				χ² = 0.256	0.879
Male	38 (58.5)	39 (60.0)	40 (61.5)
Female	27 (41.5)	26 (40.0)	25 (38.5)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.7 ± 2.0	23.8 ± 2.1	23.5 ± 2.2	F = 0.356	0.701
Education level				χ² = 0.287	0.772
Junior high or below	15 (23.1)	14 (21.5)	16 (24.6)
High school	25 (38.5)	26 (40.0)	24 (36.9)
College or above	25 (38.5)	25 (38.5)	25 (38.5)
Surgical method				χ² = 0.521	0.681
Minimally invasive surgery	50 (76.9)	48 (73.8)	51 (78.5)
Open surgery	15 (23.1)	17 (26.2)	14 (21.5)
Type of surgery				χ² = 0.132	0.936
Total gastrectomy	33 (50.8)	34 (52.3)	32 (49.2)
Partial gastrectomy	32 (49.2)	31 (47.7)	33 (50.8)
Clinical staging				χ² = 0.217	0.897
Phase I	10 (15.4)	12 (18.5)	11 (16.9)
Phase II	20 (30.8)	19 (29.2)	21 (32.3)
Phase III	25 (38.5)	24 (36.9)	23 (35.4)
Phase IV	10 (15.4)	10 (15.4)	10 (15.4)
Comorbidities				χ² = 0.156	0.991
Hypertension	15 (23.1)	16 (24.6)	17 (26.2)
Diabetes	10 (15.4)	11 (16.9)	12 (18.5)
Other	5 (7.7)	6 (9.2)	7 (10.8)

P values were adjusted using Bonferroni correction where applicable. Missing data were handled using the linear mixed model. BMI: Body mass index.