Predictive model for sphincter preservation in lower rectal cancer

Table 3 Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on sphincter preservation surgery

Ref.	Sample size	Results
[52]	n = 461	Induction chemotherapy resulted incomplete pathological response
[79]	n = 256	NACRT leads to downstaging of disease
[87]	n = 1861	Short-term preoperative radiotherapy reduces the risk of local recurrence in patients with rectal cancer who undergo a standardized total mesorectal excision
[88]	n = 88	Pre operative radiation therapy improves sphincter preservation rate
[89]	n = 1861	Radiotherapy improves local control of tumours
[90]	n = 1861	Preoperative radiotherapy leads to sphincter preservation and reduce recurrence rate
[91]	n = 88	Pre operative radiation improves clinical response and sphincter preservations
[92]	n = 09	Neoadjuvant therapy improve sphincter preservation rate
[93]	n = 251	In low lying rectal cancer good response to Preoperative radiation therapy improves sphincter preservation
[94]	n = 32	Consolidated total neo adjuvant therapy leads to sphincter preservations
[95]	n = 920	Addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy leads to complete pathological response

NACRT: Neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy; ISR: Inter-sphincteric resection.