Role of the gut microbiome in the development and prognosis of pediatric leukemia

Table 1 Microbiota-targeted interventions in pediatric leukemia

Intervention	Agent	Clinical implications	Ref.
Probiotics	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG	Reduced gastrointestinal toxicity; reduced antibiotic use	Martyniak et al[20], 2023
Probiotics	Bifidobacterium breve Yakult	Fewer fever episodes; reduced pathogens	Todor and Ichim[8], 2025
Prebiotics	Inulin	Increased chemo efficacy; reduced complications	Martyniak et al[20], 2023
Prebiotics	Pectin	Protects gut barrier during chemo	Martyniak et al[20], 2023
Postbiotics	Butyrate	Anti-inflammatory; anti-leukemic	Martyniak et al[20], 2023
Synbiotics	LactoCare (multi-strain + prebiotic)	96% reduced diarrhea	Martyniak et al[20], 2023
FMT	Fresh/frozen FMT	86% response in steroid-refractory GvHD	Todor and Ichim[8], 2025
Nutrition	Enteral nutrition	Better hematopoietic stem cell transplantation outcomes; reduced GvHD	Muratore et al[19], 2022

FMT: Fecal microbiome transplantation; GvHD: Graft-versus-host disease.