Cardamonin as a potential anticancer agent: Preclinical insights and clinical implications

Table 3 Comparative analysis of cardamonin’s in vitro and in vivo anticancer activities across cancer types

Cancer type	Cell studies			Animal studies			Future prospective
	Cells line	IC50 (μM)	Ref.	Induced cancer	Inhibition	Ref.
Liver	HepG2 cells	17.1	[61]	HepG2-xenograft	65.2%	[29]	Promising
		53	[35]
Breast	4T1 Luc cells	85.96	[35]	4T1 Luc-xenograft	Substantial (graphic presentation)	[35]	Not promising in vitro
	MDA-MB-231 cells	45.6	[35]
	MDA-MB-231 cells	25.5	[32]	MDA-MB-231 xenograft	Mild (≤ 50%; graphic presentation)	[32]	Promising
Lung	LCC cells	NR	[71]	LLC-xenograft	84.3%	[71]	Needs in vitro testing
Esophageal	EC9706 cells	8.7	[30]	EC9706-xenograft	Substantial (graphic presentation)	[30]	Promising
Ovary	SKOV3 cells	8.04	[43]	SKOV3 and PDC xenograft	Substantial (graphic presentation)	[43]	Promising
	PDC cells	14.9
	SKOV3 cells	23.4	[42]	SKOV3-xenograft	Substantial (graphic presentation)	[42]	Promising
	A2780 cells	28.8

IC₅₀: Half-maximal inhibitory concentration; NR: Not reported.