Global gene expression landscape of gallbladder cancer and advances in targeted therapeutic strategies

Table 3 Overview of targeted gene therapy in gallbladder cancer currently undergoing clinical trial

Agent	Target gene/pathway	Combined with	Patient characteristics	NCT number	Clinical trial location
Trastuzumab	Her2	Pembrolizumab + gemcitabine	Previously untreated Her2+ unresectable cholangiocarcinoma and GBC	NCT06178445	Germany
Trastuzumab		Tucatinib	Unresectable or metastatic Her2 overexpressed/amplified BTC, including GBC, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and urothelial cancer	NCT04579380	Belgium, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom, United States
Zanidatamab		Cisplatin + gemcitabine	Locally advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC, including GBC	NCT06282575	Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Spain, Sweeden, United Kingdom, United States
Zanidatamab		Combination chemotherapy	Unresectable locally advanced or metastatic, recurring Her2+ BTC, including GBC and colorectal cancer	NCT03929666	United States, Canada, Chile, Korea
RC48-ADC		NA	Previously treated locally advanced or metastatic Her2+ BTC, including GBC, who have failed first-line chemotherapy	NCT04329429	China
Afatinib	EGFR	Gemcitabine + oxaliplatin	Resectable GBC patients	NCT04183712	China
Tivozanib	VEGFR/VEGF	Atezolizumab	Stage IV otherwise incurable cancer including: GBC, bile duct cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer	NCT05000294	United States
Tivozanib		NA	Unresectable cholangiocarcinoma and GBC, previously treated by at least one type of chemotherapy	NCT04645160	United States
Bevacizumab		Gemcitabine + albumin-paclitaxel + sintilimab	Initially unresectable GBC	NCT05757336	China
Ivonescimab		NA	Previously treated GBC, who have failed first-line chemotherapy	NCT06529718	Belgium, France, United Kingdom
Surufatinib		Tislelizumab	First line of treatment for unsectable or metastatic BTC, including GBC.	NCT06134193	China
Envafolimab	PD-L1	Gemcitabine + cisplatin	First line of treatment for advanced BTC, including GBC	NCT06013943	China
Durvalumab		Gemcitabine hydrochloride + cisplatin + nab-paclitaxel	Locally advanced or metastatic GBC	NCT06591650	China
Durvalumab		Tremelimumab + capecitabine	A phase II study in BTC patients after curative surgery	NCT05239169	Germany
Camrelizumab		Gemcitabine + oxaliplatin	Unresectable GBC	NCT06423170	China
Everolimus	mTORC1	Standard chemotherapy	First line of treatment for metastatic or unresectable GBC	NCT05833815	India
Merestinib	MET	Cisplatin + gemcitabine	First line of treatment in advanced BTC, including GBC	NCT02711553	United States, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, China, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Korea, Mexico, Spain, Sweeden, Turkey, United Kingdom

GBC: Gallbladder cancer; BTC: Biliary tract cancer; NCT: National clinical trial; NA: Not available; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1.