Global gene expression landscape of gallbladder cancer and advances in targeted therapeutic strategies

Table 2 Overview of top differentially expressed genes in gallbladder cancer from sequencing studies

Number of samples	Comparison	List of significantly upregulated genes in GBC	List of significantly downregulated genes in GBC	Geographic and ethnic background	Ref.	Technique employed
3 pairs	Gallbladder wall of gallbladder adenoma and GBC (common) vs gallbladder wall of gallstones	EDN1, MS4A8, ALB, MSLN, CTSV, BAG1, LOC100507412, MCOLN3, ZKSCAN1	TBX3, TSK, SCD, NOVA1, PFKFB3	China	Ge et al[106], 2021	Microarray
3 pairs	GBC tissue vs gallbladder adenoma tissue	CEACAM5, OLFM4, TFAP2A, CDH17, VAV3, CD55, CPS1, KRT17, SERPINB5, HEPH, ALB, HMGS2, CHP2, TFF1, TRIM31, SULF1, HOXB6, GUCY1A3, C15orf48, HIST1H2AI		China	Ge et al[106], 2021	Microarray
3 pairs	GBC tissue vs para-cancerous tissue	KLK6, TNNT1, DUOXA1, CEACAM7, SLC44A5, CDC45	CNTN1, CPVL, PTGER3, ADRB3, LYVE1, DES, KLRG1, NRK, AOAH, PRKCB, TAGAP, GREM2, KLRD1, KCNMA1, PCDH18, KCTD12, FBLN1, CHRM2, FGF7	China	Wang et al[107], 2017	Microarray
16 samples	12 advanced GBC tissues vs 4 chronic cholecystitis tissues	Skp2, BUB1, MAD2 L1, ESPL1, E2F1, CHEK1, CDK2, CCNB1, CDC20, CDC2, PKMYT1, RBL1, CDC45, STAT1, TNF, SOD2, MCM4, POLE, RCF-4, PASK, ECT2, KIF20, CENPF, TPX2	SMOC2, WNT10B, FGF2, CCND2, TGF-β3, COX7A1, CKMT2.	India	Kumar et al[108], 2020	Microarray
11 samples	8 GBC vs 3 normal gallbladder tissues	SERPINB3, DUSP1, FOXJ1, CHP1, KLK5, HOXB13, HOXB9, MAGEB2, KLK1, HOXC11, HOXC10, HOXC9, CLCA4, OLFM4, PI3, MUC17, SERPINB7, LEMD1, FAM71E2, TRIM29, TRIM31, CDC45, CDH3	DCAF12 L, PPAN-P2RY11, ZNF275, GIMAP1-5, MT1M, APOA1, PGLYRP2, SHBG, CYP1A1, GOLGA6A, BMP10, HEPN1, TTC36, FAM99B, HEPACAM, RTP3, CYP3A43, SHBG, PLGLA, GDF2, FGF21, PAQR9, CREB3 L3, FETUB, FCN2, CPN1, PRODH2, PKLR, SERPINA11, SERPINA1, ARID3C	United States	Zuo et al[109], 2016	RNA seq
2 pairs	2 GBC vs 2 adjacent non-tumorous tissues	OLFM4, BIRC5, TK1, PI3, TNNT1, CLIC3, MMP9, TRIM29, SERPINA1	DPT, SMOC2, GLP2R, LMOD1, FBLN5, WNT2B	China	Gu et al[110], 2015	RNA seq
10 samples	10 GBC tissues vs normal gallbladder tissues from SRA database	MSLNL, FOXJ1, HMGA2, KRT17, MYEOV, LYPD2, REG4, TMEM238, TRIM31, NOTUM, LRFN4	IGCSF10, GCG, NLGN4Y, PAH, CCKAR, CHRM2, CRISP3, FGF19, GLYATL2, ADIPOQ, DMBT1, CHRDL1	India	Dixit et al[40], 2022	RNA seq

GBC: Gallbladder cancer; RNA seq: RNA sequencing.