Possible relationship between refractory celiac disease and malignancies

Table 1 Malignancies with increased risk, or not reported in studies of patients with celiac disease

Ref.	Study design	Increased risk	No increased risk
Eigner et al[40]	Retrospective cohort	EATL	-
		Small bowel adenocarcinoma
Freeman[38]	Retrospective cohort	Lymphoma	-
		Small bowel carcinoma
		Hypopharyngeal carcinoma
Grainge et al[39]	Cohort	All malignancies	-
		Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Howdle et al[32]	Survey	Small bowel adenocarcinoma	-
		Small bowel lymphoma
van Gils et al[47]	Case-control	T-cell lymphoma, predominantly EATL	Other types of lymphomas
		Small bowel adenocarcinoma	GI carcinomas
		Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Anderson et al[48]	Retrospective cohort	Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (but not statistically significant)	-
Green et al[41]	National survey	Small bowel adenocarcinoma	-
		Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Han et al[42]	Meta-analysis	All malignancies	Other GI cancers
		Small intestinal cancers
		Esophageal cancer
Ilus et al[43]	Retrospective cohort	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Decreased risk of lung, pancreatic, bladder, renal and breast cancer
		Small intestinal cancer
		Colon cancer
		Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
Kent et al[49]	Cohort	Papillary thyroid cancer	-
Lebwohl et al[50]	Population-based setting	-	Cutaneous malignant melanoma
Volta et al[51]	Cohort	-	Colon carcinoma

EATL: Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; GI: Gastrointestinal; OR: Odds ratio; RR: Relative risk.