COVID-19: Where is the treatment?

Table 1 Synthetic of evidence on coronavirus disease 2019 specific therapeutic strategies

Nature of therapeutics	PMID	Study type	Therapeutic	Benefits	Conclusion
Anti-viral drugs	32360583	SR	Lopinavir-ritonavir or ribavirin	Improved mortality rate, radiographical improvement and reduced clinical development	Inconclusive evidences, low quality of evidence and heterogeneity of interventions
	32309809		Lopinavir-ritonavir or Arbidol or Oseltamivir or Lianhuaqingwen capsule or interferon	No benefits in 199 subjects	Side effects. Inconclusive evidence lacks of data recording. Sample size
	32493740	SR & MA
	32293807	SR	Lopinavir-ritonavir	No clinical benefits	Adverse side effects. Inconclusive outcomes. Low body of evidence. Small sample size
	32506110		Remdesivir	No clinical benefits	Inconclusive outcomes high-quality evidence well-designed studies. Safety
	32378648
Immune therapy	32406927	SR	Plasma transfusion	Had beneficial outcomes	Side effects. Inconclusive outcomes. Very low-certainty. High risk of bias. Low reporting quality
	32272396		Plasma therapy or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion	Had beneficial outcomes	More evidence. Promising strategy. Sample size. Lack of control group
	32527348
Anti-malaria drugs	32359203	SR	Hydroxychloroquine/Chloroquine	Had beneficial outcomes	Inconclusive outcomes. Methodological flaws. Risk of bias. Lack of evidence
	32281213			No clinical benefits	Lack of evidence. Safety issues
	32468425				Methodological flaws. Small sample size. Safety issues
	32173110				Lack of evidence. Safety issues. Methodological flaws. Small sample size
	32519281
Hormone therapy	32283144	SR & MA	Corticosteroids	No clinical benefits	Lack of evidence. Adverse side effects. Methodological flaws. Caution needed
	32409522	SR
	32372026
	32391369
Anti-hypertension drugs	32542337	SR & MA	ACEI/ARB	Had beneficial outcomes	Conflicting results, scarce existing data. Diverse study types. Inconsistent clinical studies, more RCT needed

ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin-receptor blockers; RCT: Randomised controlled trial; SR: Systematic reviews; MA: Meta-analysis.