Molecular basis of cleft palates in mice

Table 3 Six categories of defects that result in cleft palate in mutant mice

	Defects	Knockout mice
(1)	Failure of the palatal shelf formation (small palatal shelves)	Acvr2a[34,50], 1Fgfr2[13], 1Lhx8[11], Pitx2[126], Itga5[65], Fst[46]
(2)	Abnormal fusion of palatal shelves and tongue or the mandible	Jag2[70], 1Irf6[109,110], 1Tbx1[4], Fgf10[41]
(3)	Failure or delayed palatal shelf elevation	Pax9[6], 1Pitx1[7], 1Osr2[9], 1Gli2[8], 1Tgfb2[55], 1Pdgfc[51], Dhrs3[172]
(4)	Failure of the palatal shelf development after the elevation	1Msx1[10], 1Lhx8[11], 1Tgfbr2 (Wnt1-Cre-mediated ablation)[12]
(5)	Persistence of medial edge epithelial cells	Apaf1[158], 1Tgfb3[18], Egfr[17], Ctnnb1 (K14-Cre-mediated ablation)[166]
(6)	Secondary defect	1Hoxa2[19,20], 1Satb2[135], Acvr1/Alk2 (Wnt1-Cre-mediated ablation)[33]

¹Genes involved in human cleft lip and/or palate.