Multilevel complexity of calcium signaling: Modeling angiogenesis

Figure 2 Hierarchy of scales and environments, with the corresponding biological mechanisms and modeling approaches, taken into account in the proposed model of tubulogenesis. Our theoretical method spans the multiple levels involved in the process: it incorporates a continuous model of the specific agonist-induced, calcium-mediated intracellular cascades in a discrete cellular potts model, which represents the phenomenological evolution of the endothelial cell (EC) population. In particular, the microscopic dynamics alter the mesoscopic biophysical properties of the ECs, such as motility, compressibility, and chemotactic strength, affecting their behavior and, ultimately, the overall tubule formation. The different spatiotemporal levels, integrated in a hybrid framework, therefore directly affect each other and feedback over the whole simulation. VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.