Interferon-gamma signaling pathway: Modulation of key genes in the progression of glioblastoma

Figure 2 The molecular function of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and its relationship with glioblastoma. The binding of interferon-gamma to its heterotetrameric receptor, composed of two dimers of IFNGR1 and IFNGR2, activates the Janus kinases 1 and 2, which leads to the phosphorylation and activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Once phosphorylated, STAT1 forms dimers that translocate to the nucleus, where it binds to gamma-activated sequence elements in the promoters of interferon-stimulated genes, promoting their transcription. Sustained activation of this pathway induces the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, migration, and survival, contributing to the aggressive phenotype of glioblastoma. GAS: Gamma-activated sequences; STAT1: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; JAK1: Janus kinases 1; JAK2: Janus kinases 2; ISGs: Interferon-stimulated genes.