Fatty liver reexamined choline and mitochondrial toxin amelioration

Figure 3 Role of choline in verylowdensity lipoprotein assembly and lipid export. This schematic illustrates choline’s role, via phosphatidylcholine (PC), in verylowdensity lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and lipid export within a hepatocyte. The hepatocyte, depicted with a jagged plasma membrane, contains a central nucleus (light orange) and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER, orange) where PC (purple box) facilitates initial VLDL assembly. Lipid droplets (yellow circles) contribute triglycerides to VLDL, which matures in the Golgi apparatus (light purple) before export into the bloodstream (red). Green VLDL particles, marked with "PC Enables Triglyceride Export", highlight PC’s role in lipid secretion. Arrows trace the pathway from ER to Golgi to bloodstream, emphasizing the sequential process of VLDL biogenesis and hepatic lipid clearance. VLDL: Verylowdensity lipoprotein; PC: Phosphatidylcholine.