Fatty liver reexamined choline and mitochondrial toxin amelioration

Table 2 Dietary sources of choline (animal-derived sources)²

Food item	Serving size	Choline content (mg)	Notes
Beef liver (high)1	3 oz (85 g)	350–360 mg	Top source; high in vitamin A-daily use not recommended
Egg (large) (high)	1 large	147–150 mg	Top source; mostly in the yolk (about 90%); cost-effective and bioavailable
Beef (muscle meat)	16 oz (454 g)	Approximately 500 mg	High iron; excess may pose oxidative stress and ferroptosis risk
Chicken breast	3 oz (85 g)	Approximately 73 mg	Moderate choline source
Milk (whole)	1 cup (240 mL)	Approximately 38 mg	Readily available; minor contribution
Fish (salmon)	3 oz (85 g)	Approximately 56 mg	Healthy fat source; moderate choline

¹High choline content (≥ 100 mg per serving). Top sources for practical intake.

²Choline content of select animal-derived foods. Values reflect typical serving sizes and estimated ranges of choline content per item. Beef liver, egg are high-choline foods (≥ 100 mg per serving). Beef liver, egg items represent top sources based on practical intake potential. While beef liver ranks highest, its high vitamin A content limits safe daily consumption. Eggs offer a cost-effective, bioavailable option for regular use.