Last decade update for three-finger toxins: Newly emerging structures and biological activities

Table 1 Novel three-finger toxin biological effects and their potential applications

	Toxin	Effect/Target	Potential application
Impact on signal transduction	Mambalgins	Inhibitors of ASICs	Analgesics
	Micrurotoxins	Modulators of GABAA receptor	Biochemical instruments for the GABAA receptor study
	α-Neurotoxins	Inhibitors of GABAA receptor
	Muscarinic toxin MTα	Antagonist of α2B-adrenoceptor	Treatment of blood pressure disorders
	Toxin CM-3	Interaction with α1A-adrenoceptor
	Toxin AdTx1 (ρ-Da1a)	Specific and selective inhibitor for the α1A-adrenoceptor
	Toxin ρ-Da1b	Antagonist of α2A-adrenoceptors
	Toxin Tx7335	Potassium channel activator	Biochemical instrument for the study of potassium channels
	Calliotoxin (δ-elapitoxin-Cb1a)	Activator of voltage-gated sodium channel	Biochemical instrument for the study of sodium channels
Impact on blood coagulation	Toxin KT-6.9	Inhibitor of platelet aggregation	Treatment of blood coagulation disorders
	Ringhalexin	Inhibitor of FX activation
	Exactin	Inhibitor of FX activation
Insulinotropic activity	Cardiotoxin-I	Induction of insulin secretion from β-cells	Treatment of type 2 diabetes
Impact on sperm motility	Actiflagelin	Activator of sperm motility in vitro	Infertility treatment

ASIC: Acid sensing ion channel; GABAA: Type A receptor of gamma-amino butyric acid; FX: Factor X.